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Sandra Simmons

Professor of Medicine (SOM)
Director VU Center for Quality Aging
Paul V. Hamilton Chair in Geriatrics and Aging Research
Professor of Medicine Division of Geriatrics Deputy Assistant Director VA Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC)

Sandra F. Simmons, PhD, is a Professor of Medicine in the Division of Geriatrics at 青青草视频 Medical Center. She also holds a secondary appointment as a faculty member in the Department of Psychology at 青青草视频. Her background and training is in clinical psychology and gerontology. She serves as the Director of the Vanderbilt Center for Quality Aging (www.VanderbiltCQA.org) and Deputy Assistant Director of Research at the Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Tennessee Valley Healthcare System Veterans Administration. She is also a Senior Scholar for the VA Quality Scholars Program. Dr. Simmons has been the recipient of numerous grants to examine issues in gerontology from the National Institutes of Health and Aging, Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality, Veterans Healthcare Administration and the National Alzheimer’s Association. Specifically, her research foci include clinical interventions to improve quality of care and quality of life for older adults in a variety of care settings including acute care, post-acute care, long-term care and dementia care within assisted-living. Her current research examines interventions to reduce polypharmacy and improve geriatric syndromes among hospitalized older adults transitioning to post-acute care.

Representative Publications


Jacobsen JM, Schnelle JF, Saraf AA, Long EA, Vasilevskis EE, Kripalani S, Simmons SF. . Gerontologist [print-electronic]. 2016 Dec 12/7/2016; PMID: 27927728, PII: gnw132, DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnw132, ISSN: 1758-5341.

Simmons SF, Schnelle JF, Saraf AA, Simon Coelho C, Jacobsen JM, Kripalani S, Bell S, Mixon A, Vasilevskis EE. . Gerontologist [print-electronic]. 2016 Dec; 56(6): 1138-45. PMID: 26185153, PII: gnv058, DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnv058, ISSN: 1758-5341.

Schnelle JF, Schroyer LD, Saraf AA, Simmons SF. . J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016 Nov 11/1/2016; 17(11): 970-7. PMID: 27780572, PII: S1525-8610(16)30358-9, DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2016.08.006, ISSN: 1538-9375.

Saraf AA, Petersen AW, Simmons SF, Schnelle JF, Bell SP, Kripalani S, Myers AP, Mixon AS, Long EA, Jacobsen JM, Vasilevskis EE. . J Hosp Med [print-electronic]. 2016 Oct; 11(10): 694-700. PMID: 27255830, PMCID: PMC5048583, DOI: 10.1002/jhm.2614, ISSN: 1553-5606.

Simmons SF, Bell S, Saraf AA, Coelho CS, Long EA, Jacobsen JM, Schnelle JF, Vasilevskis EE. . J Am Geriatr Soc [print-electronic]. 2016 Oct; 64(10): 2027-34. PMID: 27590032, PMCID: PMC5072988, DOI: 10.1111/jgs.14320, ISSN: 1532-5415.

Hollingsworth EK, Long EA, Simmons SF. . J Appl Gerontol [print-electronic]. 2016 Sep 9/22/2016; PMID: 27664171, PII: 0733464816669806, DOI: 10.1177/0733464816669806, ISSN: 1552-4523.

Simmons SF, Schnelle JF, Sathe NA, Slagle JM, Stevenson DG, Carlo ME, McPheeters ML. . J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016 Jun 6/1/2016; 17(6): 473-81. PMID: 27235760, PII: S1525-8610(16)30035-4, DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2016.03.005, ISSN: 1538-9375.

Bell SP, Vasilevskis EE, Saraf AA, Jacobsen JM, Kripalani S, Mixon AS, Schnelle JF, Simmons SF. . J Am Geriatr Soc [print-electronic]. 2016 Apr; 64(4): 715-22. PMID: 27059831, PMCID: PMC4840035, DOI: 10.1111/jgs.14035, ISSN: 1532-5415.

Schnelle JF, Simmons SF. . J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016 Mar; 64(3): 489-91. PMID: 27000322, DOI: 10.1111/jgs.13947, ISSN: 1532-5415.

Harrington C, Schnelle JF, McGregor M, Simmons SF. . Health Serv Insights. 2016; 9: 13-9. PMID: 27103819, PMCID: PMC4833431, PII: hsi-9-2016-013, DOI: 10.4137/HSI.S38994.

Simmons SF, Keeler E, An R, Liu X, Shotwell MS, Kuertz B, Silver HJ, Schnelle JF. . J Am Geriatr Soc [print-electronic]. 2015 Nov; 63(11): 2308-16. PMID: 26503137, PMCID: PMC5131725, DOI: 10.1111/jgs.13709, ISSN: 1532-5415.

Monroe TB, Misra S, Habermann RC, Dietrich MS, Bruehl SP, Cowan RL, Newhouse PA, Simmons SF. . Pain Manag Nurs [print-electronic]. 2015 Oct; 16(5): 770-80. PMID: 26259882, PMCID: PMC4548860, PII: S1524-9042(15)00081-8, DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2015.06.002, ISSN: 1532-8635.

Vasilevskis EE, Simmons SF. . J Hosp Med [print-electronic]. 2015 May; 10(5): 343-4. PMID: 25641782, PMCID: PMC4412786, DOI: 10.1002/jhm.2327, ISSN: 1553-5606.

Simmons SF, Durkin DW, Rahman AN, Schnelle JF, Beuscher LM. . J Appl Gerontol [print-electronic]. 2014 Sep; 33(6): 655-71. PMID: 25143465, PMCID: PMC4142524, PII: 0733464812454010, DOI: 10.1177/0733464812454010, ISSN: 1552-4523.

Simmons SF, Rahman AN. . J Am Med Dir Assoc [print-electronic]. 2014 Sep; 15(9): 615-9. PMID: 25023832, PII: S1525-8610(14)00366-1, DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2014.06.008, ISSN: 1538-9375.

Durkin DW, Shotwell MS, Simmons SF. . J Appl Gerontol [print-electronic]. 2014 Aug; 33(5): 586-602. PMID: 24652932, PII: 0733464814522126, DOI: 10.1177/0733464814522126, ISSN: 1552-4523.

Monroe TB, Misra SK, Habermann RC, Dietrich MS, Cowan RL, Simmons SF. . Geriatr Gerontol Int [print-electronic]. 2014 Jul; 14(3): 541-8. PMID: 24020433, PMCID: PMC4850825, DOI: 10.1111/ggi.12130, ISSN: 1447-0594.

Simmons SF, Sims N, Durkin DW, Shotwell MS, Erwin S, Schnelle JF. . J Appl Gerontol [print-electronic]. 2013 Sep; 32(6): 669-86. PMID: 25474793, PII: 0733464811433487, DOI: 10.1177/0733464811433487, ISSN: 1552-4523.

Simmons SF, Durkin DW, Shotwell MS, Erwin S, Schnelle JF. . Transl Behav Med. 2013 Jun; 3(2): 189-99. PMID: 24073169, PMCID: PMC3717980, PII: 194, DOI: 10.1007/s13142-013-0194-3, ISSN: 1869-6716.

Schnelle JF, Rahman A, Durkin DW, Beuscher L, Choi L, Simmons SF. . J Am Med Dir Assoc [print-electronic]. 2013 May; 14(5): 345-51. PMID: 23294967, PMCID: PMC3637865, PII: S1525-8610(12)00426-4, DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2012.11.013, ISSN: 1538-9375.

Buchowski MS, Simmons SF, Whitaker LE, Powers J, Beuscher L, Choi L, Ikizler TA, Chen K, Shnelle JF. . Age (Dordr) [print-electronic]. 2013 Feb; 35(1): 179-87. PMID: 22113348, PMCID: PMC3543733, DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9338-x, ISSN: 1574-4647.

Simmons SF, Durkin DW, Rahman AN, Choi L, Beuscher L, Schnelle JF. . Gerontologist [print-electronic]. 2013 Feb; 53(1): 151-61. PMID: 22565494, PMCID: PMC3551209, PII: gns065, DOI: 10.1093/geront/gns065, ISSN: 1758-5341.

Schnelle JF, Buchowski MS, Ikizler TA, Durkin DW, Beuscher L, Simmons SF. . J Am Geriatr Soc [print-electronic]. 2012 Aug; 60(8): 1527-33. PMID: 22860899, PMCID: PMC3419324, DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04062.x, ISSN: 1532-5415.

Simmons SF, Rahman A, Beuscher L, Jani V, Durkin DW, Schnelle JF. . Gerontologist [print-electronic]. 2011 Dec; 51(6): 867-75. PMID: 21719629, PMCID: PMC3220665, PII: gnr066, DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnr066, ISSN: 1758-5341.

Simmons SF, Zhuo X, Keeler E. . J Nutr Health Aging. 2010 May; 14(5): 367-72. PMID: 20424804, PMCID: PMC3686278, ISSN: 1760-4788.

Schnelle JF, Bertrand R, Hurd D, White A, Squires D, Feuerberg M, Hickey K, Simmons SF. . J Am Med Dir Assoc [print-electronic]. 2009 Oct; 10(8): 568-74. PMID: 19808155, PII: S1525-8610(09)00177-7, DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2009.05.004, ISSN: 1538-9375.

Schnelle JF, Bertrand R, Hurd D, White A, Squires D, Feuerberg M, Hickey K, Simmons SF. . Gerontologist [print-electronic]. 2009 Aug; 49(4): 517-24. PMID: 19435928, PII: gnp050, DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnp050, ISSN: 1758-5341.

Simmons SF, Cleeton P, Porchak T. . J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci [print-electronic]. 2009 May; 64(3): 324-7. PMID: 19251880, PMCID: PMC2670252, PII: gbp007, DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbp007, ISSN: 1758-5368.

Schnelle JF, Simmons SF, Beuscher L, Peterson EN, Habermann R, Leung F. . J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009 Apr; 57(4): 647-52. PMID: 19392956, PMCID: PMC2925174, PII: JGS2215, DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02215.x, ISSN: 1532-5415.

Simmons SF, Peterson EN, You C. . J Nutr Health Aging. 2009 Mar; 13(3): 284-8. PMID: 19262969, PMCID: PMC3913049, ISSN: 1279-7707.

Simmons SF, Keeler E, Zhuo X, Hickey KA, Sato HW, Schnelle JF. . J Am Geriatr Soc [print-electronic]. 2008 Aug; 56(8): 1466-73. PMID: 18637983, PMCID: PMC2897234, PII: JGS1801, DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01801.x, ISSN: 1532-5415.

Simmons SF, Bertrand R, Shier V, Sweetland R, Moore TJ, Hurd DT, Schnelle JF. . Gerontologist. 2007 Apr; 47(2): 184-92. PMID: 17440123, PII: 47/2/184, ISSN: 0016-9013.

Simmons SF. . J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2007 Mar; 8(3 Suppl): S12-7. PMID: 17336870, PII: S1525-8610(06)00588-3, DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2006.12.003, ISSN: 1538-9375.

Levy-Storms L, Schnelle JF, Simmons SF. . Gerontologist. 2007 Feb; 47(1): 14-20. PMID: 17327536, PII: 47/1/14, ISSN: 0016-9013.

Schnelle JF, Ouslander JG, Simmons SF. . J Am Med Dir Assoc [print-electronic]. 2006 Nov; 7(9): 541-4. PMID: 17095417, PII: S1525-8610(06)00179-4, DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2006.03.009, ISSN: 1525-8610.

Simmons SF, Schnelle JF. . J Am Med Dir Assoc [print-electronic]. 2006 Oct; 7(8): 480-5. PMID: 17027624, PII: S1525-8610(06)00171-X, DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2006.03.002, ISSN: 1525-8610.

Simmons SF, Patel AV. . J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006 Sep; 54(9): 1372-6. PMID: 16970644, PII: JGS688, DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00688.x, ISSN: 0002-8614.

Simmons SF, Schnelle JF. . J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006 Jun; 54(6): 919-24. PMID: 16776786, PII: JGS812, DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00812.x, ISSN: 0002-8614.

Simmons SF, Levy-Storms L. . J Nutr Health Aging. 2006 May; 10(3): 216-21. PMID: 16622583, ISSN: 1279-7707.

Cadogan MP, Schnelle JF, Al-Sammarrai NR, Yamamoto-Mitani N, Cabrera G, Osterweil D, Simmons SF. . J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2006 Mar; 7(3 Suppl): S11-9, S10. PMID: 16500269, PII: S1525-8610(05)00685-7, DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2005.12.011, ISSN: 1525-8610.

Simmons SF. . J Am Med Dir Assoc [print-electronic]. 2006 Jan; 7(1): 61-2. PMID: 16413437, PII: S1525-8610(05)00486-X, DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2005.08.001, ISSN: 1525-8610.

Bates-Jensen BM, Simmons SF, Schnelle JF, Alessi C. . Gerontologist. 2005 Dec; 45(6): 731-8. PMID: 16326654, PII: 45/6/731, ISSN: 0016-9013.

Simmons SF, Levy-Storms L. . J Nutr Health Aging. 2005 Nov; 9(6): 434-9. PMID: 16395515, ISSN: 1279-7707.

Levy-Storms L, Simmons SF, Gutierrez VF, Miller-Martinez D, Hickey K, Schnelle JF. . J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2005 Nov; 60(6): S326-S330. PMID: 16260715, PII: 60/6/S326, ISSN: 1079-5014.

Schnelle JF, Osterweil D, Simmons SF. . Gerontologist. 2005 Oct; 45(5): 576-82. PMID: 16199391, PII: 45/5/576, ISSN: 0016-9013.

Simmons SF, Ouslander JG. . Gerontologist. 2005 Jun; 45(3): 318-26. PMID: 15933272, PII: 45/3/318, ISSN: 0016-9013.

Rahman AN, Simmons SF. . J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2005 May; 6(3): 215-8. PMID: 15894253, PII: S1525-8610(05)00198-2, DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2005.03.009, ISSN: 1538-9375.

Simmons SF, Walker KA, Osterweil D. . J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2005 May; 6(3 Suppl): S5-11. PMID: 15890297, PII: S1525-8610(05)00219-7, DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2005.03.014, ISSN: 1525-8610.

Simmons SF. . J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2005 Mar; 6(2): 157-8. PMID: 15871895, PII: S1525-8610(04)00027-1, DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2004.12.026, ISSN: 1525-8610.

Ganz DA, Simmons SF, Schnelle JF. . BMC Health Serv Res. 2005; 5: 35. PMID: 15885148, PMCID: PMC1145183, PII: 1472-6963-5-35, DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-5-35, ISSN: 1472-6963.

Cadogan MP, Schnelle JF, Al-Sammarrai NR, Yamamoto-Mitani N, Cabrera G, Osterweil D, Simmons SF. . J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2005 Jan; 6(1): 1-9. PMID: 15871864, PII: S1525-8610(04)00003-9, DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2004.12.002, ISSN: 1525-8610.

Chu L, Schnelle JF, Cadogan MP, Simmons SF. . J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004 Dec; 52(12): 2057-61. PMID: 15571542, PII: JGS52565, DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52565.x, ISSN: 0002-8614.

Simmons SF, Schnelle JF. . J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2004 Sep; 59(9): M966-73. PMID: 15472163, PII: 59/9/M966, ISSN: 1079-5006.

Simmons SF, Cadogan MP, Cabrera GR, Al-Samarrai NR, Jorge JS, Levy-Storms L, Osterweil D, Schnelle JF. . Gerontologist. 2004 Aug; 44(4): 554-64. PMID: 15331813, PII: 44/4/554, ISSN: 0016-9013.

Schnelle JF, Bates-Jensen BM, Chu L, Simmons SF. . J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004 Aug; 52(8): 1378-83. PMID: 15271130, PII: JGS52372, DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52372.x, ISSN: 0002-8614.

Simmons SF. . J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2004 Jul; 5(4): 280. PMID: 15228641, PII: S1525-8610(04)70137-1, DOI: 10.1097/01.JAM.0000131584.12158.E0, ISSN: 1525-8610.

Schnelle JF, Bates-Jensen BM, Levy-Storms L, Grbic V, Yoshii J, Cadogan M, Simmons SF. . Gerontologist. 2004 Apr; 44(2): 245-55. PMID: 15075421, ISSN: 0016-9013.

Schnelle JF, Simmons SF, Harrington C, Cadogan M, Garcia E, M Bates-Jensen B. . Health Serv Res. 2004 Apr; 39(2): 225-50. PMID: 15032952, PMCID: PMC1361005, PII: HESR225, DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2004.00225.x, ISSN: 0017-9124.

Cadogan MP, Schnelle JF, Yamamoto-Mitani N, Cabrera G, Simmons SF. . J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2004 Mar; 59(3): 281-5. PMID: 15031314, ISSN: 1079-5006.

Simmons SF, Schnelle JF. . J Nutr Health Aging. 2004; 8(2): 116-21. PMID: 14978607, ISSN: 1279-7707.

Schnelle JF, Simmons SF. . J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2004 Jan; 5(1): 55-6. PMID: 14706130, PII: S1525-8610(04)70045-6, ISSN: 1525-8610.

Simmons SF, Walker KA, Osterweil D. . J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2004 Jan; 5(1): 24-30. PMID: 14706125, PII: S1525-8610(04)70040-7, ISSN: 1525-8610.

Schnelle JF, Cadogan MP, Grbic D, Bates-Jensen BM, Osterweil D, Yoshii J, Simmons SF. . J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003 Dec; 51(12): 1754-61. PMID: 14687354, PII: 51560, ISSN: 0002-8614.

Simmons SF, Garcia ET, Cadogan MP, Al-Samarrai NR, Levy-Storms LF, Osterweil D, Schnelle JF. . J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003 Oct; 51(10): 1410-8. PMID: 14511161, PII: 51459, ISSN: 0002-8614.

Schnelle JF, Cadogan MP, Yoshii J, Al-Samarrai NR, Osterweil D, Bates-Jensen BM, Simmons SF. . Med Care. 2003 Aug; 41(8): 909-22. PMID: 12886171, DOI: 10.1097/01.MLR.0000078146.88391.64, ISSN: 0025-7079.

Simmons SF. . J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2003 Jan; 4(1): 52-3. PMID: 12807600, PII: S1525-8610(04)70267-4, DOI: 10.1097/01.JAM.0000043424.41989.D2, ISSN: 1525-8610.

Simmons SF, Lam HY, Rao G, Schnelle JF. . J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003 Jan; 51(1): 69-74. PMID: 12534848, PII: jgs51012, ISSN: 0002-8614.

Simmons SF, Ferrell BA, Schnelle JF. . Clin J Pain. 2002 Nov; 18(6): 380-5. PMID: 12441832, ISSN: 0749-8047.

Simmons SF, Babineau S, Garcia E, Schnelle JF. . J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2002 Oct; 57(10): M665-71. PMID: 12242322, ISSN: 1079-5006.

Schnelle JF, Alessi CA, Simmons SF, Al-Samarrai NR, Beck JC, Ouslander JG. . J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002 Sep; 50(9): 1476-83. PMID: 12383143, PII: jgs50401, ISSN: 0002-8614.

Levy-Storms L, Schnelle JF, Simmons SF. . Gerontologist. 2002 Aug; 42(4): 454-61. PMID: 12145373, ISSN: 0016-9013.

Simmons SF, Lim B, Schnelle JF. . J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2002 May; 3(3): 140-5. PMID: 12807657, ISSN: 1525-8610.

Simmons SF, Osterweil D, Schnelle JF. . J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2001 Dec; 56(12): M790-4. PMID: 11723156, ISSN: 1079-5006.

Simmons SF, Schnelle JF. . Gerontologist. 2001 Oct; 41(5): 605-11. PMID: 11574705, ISSN: 0016-9013.

Simmons SF, Alessi C, Schnelle JF. . J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001 Jul; 49(7): 926-33. PMID: 11527484, PII: jgs49183, ISSN: 0002-8614.

Schnelle JF, Wood S, Schnelle ER, Simmons SF. . Gerontologist. 2001 Jun; 41(3): 401-5. PMID: 11405438, ISSN: 0016-9013.

Simmons SF, Reuben D. . J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000 Feb; 48(2): 209-13. PMID: 10682952, ISSN: 0002-8614.

Simmons SF, Schnelle JF. . Gerontologist. 1999 Jun; 39(3): 345-55. PMID: 10396892, ISSN: 0016-9013.

Cruise PA, Schnelle JF, Alessi CA, Simmons SF, Ouslander JG. . J Am Geriatr Soc. 1998 Feb; 46(2): 181-6. PMID: 9475446, ISSN: 0002-8614.

Simmons SF, Johansson B, Zarit SH, Ljungquist B, Plomin R, McClearn GE. . J Aging Health. 1997 Nov; 9(4): 553-67. PMID: 10182393, ISSN: 0898-2643.

Simmons SF, Schnelle JF, Uman GC, Kulvicki AD, Lee KO, Ouslander JG. . Gerontologist. 1997 Aug; 37(4): 543-50. PMID: 9279044, ISSN: 0016-9013.

Schnelle JF, MacRae PG, Giacobassi K, MacRae HS, Simmons SF, Ouslander JG. . J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996 May; 44(5): 507-12. PMID: 8617897, ISSN: 0002-8614.

Schnelle JF, MacRae PG, Ouslander JG, Simmons SF, Nitta M. . J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995 Dec; 43(12): 1356-62. PMID: 7490386, ISSN: 0002-8614.

Alessi CA, Schnelle JF, MacRae PG, Ouslander JG, al-Samarrai N, Simmons SF, Traub S. . J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995 Oct; 43(10): 1098-102. PMID: 7560698, ISSN: 0002-8614.

Simmons SF, Schnelle JF, MacRae PG, Ouslander JG. . J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995 Apr; 43(4): 384-8. PMID: 7706628, ISSN: 0002-8614.

Schnelle JF, Mac Rae PG, Simmons SF, Uman G, Ouslander JG, Rosenquist LL, Chang B. . J Am Geriatr Soc. 1994 Jun; 42(6): 586-92. PMID: 8201142, ISSN: 0002-8614.

Schnelle JF, Ouslander JG, Simmons SF, Alessi CA, Gravel MD. . J Am Geriatr Soc. 1993 Sep; 41(9): 910-4. PMID: 8409176, ISSN: 0002-8614.

Schnelle JF, Ouslander JG, Simmons SF, Alessi CA, Gravel MD. . J Am Geriatr Soc. 1993 Sep; 41(9): 903-9. PMID: 8409175, ISSN: 0002-8614.

Schnelle JF, Simmons SF, Ory MG. . Gerontologist. 1992 Dec; 32(6): 767-70. PMID: 1478495, ISSN: 0016-9013.